The nationwide unrest in France began with a handful of student demonstrations at high schools in suburban Paris last month.
Now, in cities across the country, antigovernment marchers are protesting expensive living conditions, high fuel prices and conditions in schools. Using the unrest as a smoke screen for vandalism, rioters and looters have also joined in.
With the protests in their second month, the police have arrested thousands, and politicians are divided over how to respond.
Here is a breakdown of what has happened.
Protest in a Parisian suburb
Soon after returning from the summer break, students at a high school in the working class Parisian suburb of Créteil staged a protest, according to videos posted to social media on Sept. 18. The high schoolers objected to inadequate resources and high workloads.
Within days, students elsewhere around Paris initiated similar demonstrations. At schools in the capital’s poorest suburbs, students blocked entrances to protest crumbling infrastructure, overcrowded classrooms and what they say are flaws in the admissions system for higher education.
Demonstrations spread across France
By Sept. 29, the unrest had spread to around 400 schools around the country, according to rally organizers.
The union of high school students said the blockades were a protest against a “lack of teachers and staff, dilapidated schools, overcrowded schedules and classrooms.”
Students barricaded the entrances to some schools with obstacles including e-bikes, while others threw projectiles and set fire to trash cans.
The French education minister, Édouard Geffray, said that some of the students’ demands were “legitimate” but condemned the confrontational nature of their protests. He said that students had chased teachers and targeted school principals with firework-launching tubes.
By the end of September, nearly 80 people had been injured, and the authorities had detained more than 440, including many minors.
University students bolster the movement
Within days, the number of schools engulfed in the protests had doubled. According to the Interior Ministry, by Oct. 2, they had spread to more than 1,000 schools across France, including 220 that were blockaded. University students also began taking part.
Around this time, the authorities said that the protests were mutating from legitimate expressions of educational grievances into something more dangerous, accusing people of shooting mortar-style fireworks, burning public buildings and looting.
By Oct. 2, nearly 400 police officers and over 230 school employees and students had been injured. The number of arrests climbed to 3,000.
The movement broadens
The actions widened in October to encompass labor unions, parents and other activists, as different grievances converged into a mass protest.
On Oct. 6, around 256,000 people marched through Paris and 40 other French cities, according to the Interior Ministry. A union of high school students said protesters had occupied some 1,800 high schools.
The protests were mostly peaceful, but a fire was ignited in Lyon, and police officers used tear gas, including in Paris. The total number of arrested rose to 6,000, the authorities said. A major union of French judges and prosecutors and a human rights group accused the police of using disproportionate force, including against children as young as 14.
Two days later, on Oct. 8, smaller demonstrations were staged throughout the country, rallying around 71,500 people. The following week, the Interior Ministry said that 160,000 people joined marches on Oct. 13 across France.
The largest demonstrations yet
More than half a million people joined 110 antigovernment marches throughout France on Oct. 17, according to an official estimate. A major union, the C.G.T., put the number even higher, at 800,000. Using either count, it was the largest day of protest since the demonstrations began in September.
Many of the marchers were peaceful, but some were not. Around the country, rioters vandalized around 1,500 shops, the authorities said. In Paris, where over 100,000 people marched peacefully, a few hundred rioters faced off against officers. According to the police, the rioters burned cars and smashed storefronts.
In the large town of Limoges, in central France, rioters set fire to the 19th-century City Hall. In a moment captured on video, the building’s spire collapsed in flames.
Curfews imposed in some cities
President Emmanuel Macron appealed for calm after the rioting, some of the most destructive unrest in decades.
In an evening broadcast on Oct. 18, Mr. Macron said that he would seek to lower gas prices. But he also warned, “Those who looted will have to pay back, and those who sought to bring down the Republic will be held accountable.” According to a government tally, rioters had ransacked at least 3,000 businesses over that weekend.
The government ordered curfews beginning on Monday for neighborhoods in several cities, including Paris, Lille and Nice. Other cities, such as Marseille, restricted large gatherings.
Laurent Nuñez, the interior minister, said that the police had been inadequately prepared, and he announced on national radio that he had offered his resignation to Mr. Macron, who had refused it. Mr. Nuñez said that police ranks would be reinforced for this weekend.
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