Jackie Currie had never seen anything like it. She had raised bees in South Carolina for more than a decade, and her insects had almost always been eager to fly out and collect pollen. But one day last summer, she found her bees huddled at the entrance of their hive, like frightened beachgoers after a shark attack.
The bees were right to be reluctant. There were murderers in their midst.
Hovering like hummingbirds just outside the hive were two yellow-legged hornets. Despite being shorter in length than a paper clip, these predatory insects possess a venomous sting and a seemingly sadistic streak when killing honeybees. Once they snatch their prey, the hornets butcher the bee by removing its head, legs and wings to gain access the nutritious abdomen.
Ms. Currie’s bees faced a dangerous dilemma: Leave the nest and risk dismemberment or allow the hive’s resources to dwindle, putting the entire colony at risk of collapse.
“What’s heartbreaking is that my bees don’t know how to defend themselves,” Ms. Currie said in June as she watched several yellow-legged hornets hunt outside her apiary of beehives. “The bees that know how to deal with yellow-legged hornets are in Asia, not here.”
Natives of Southeast Asia, yellow-legged hornets first appeared in South Carolina in late 2023 and have spread rapidly throughout the state’s Lowcountry, an idyllic stretch of coastline known for its beaches and golf courses. The region’s balmy weather and bevy of bees make it a hornet heaven, said Brad Cavin, an apiary inspector with Clemson University’s department of plant industry.
As the state honeybee inspector, Mr. Cavin, who has a billowing beard and wears a neon vest whenever live hornets are in the area, is helping to spearhead an effort to track and remove the hornets. In 2024, Mr. Cavin’s team discovered 16 yellow-legged hornet nests; this year, the team had already removed 345 nests from the Lowcountry by late June.
Mr. Cavin lives in Greenville, S.C., and makes the nearly 250-mile drive to the Lowcountry multiple times a month. The son of a pastor, he often likens his team’s mission to save this coastal paradise from a plague of invasive insects to a biblical bout between good and evil.
“This is the Garden of Eden,” he said, “and we’re fighting Satan.”
A Buffet of Bees
With their orange faces, large eyes and legs that look like they were dipped in Carolina gold barbecue sauce, yellow-legged hornets are visually striking. Yet these eye-catching insects have managed to sneak aboard cargo ships and have moved far outside their native range. They arrived in Europe via France in 2004 and in recent years have popped up everywhere from North Africa to New Zealand.
Yellow-legged hornets were first observed in the United States by a beekeeper near Savannah, Ga., during the summer of 2023. The insects had likely entered through the Port of Savannah and subsequently spread into South Carolina. (Earlier this year, a yellow-legged hornet sighting was reported at a port in Washington State, though the U.S.D.A. was unable to verify it.)
Georgia and South Carolina’s Lowcountry provide yellow-legged hornets with a buffet of bees. Georgia is the nation’s third-largest producer of honey, and as of 2022, South Carolina was home to nearly 24,000 bee colonies.
And the hornets have no shortage of things to eat beyond bees. They feed on everything from deer carcasses to oyster shells and discarded prawn heads. Mr. Cavin has seen them pecking at dead alligators.
To curb this spread, the Clemson team has been focusing on finding and removing the hornets’ nests, which the insects fashion out of wood and plant fibers that they chew into a cementlike paste. The comblike structures are encased in a protective shell covered in swirling patterns that resemble oyster shells.
When queen yellow-legged hornets emerge at the beginning of spring, they build an embryo nest the size of a Ping-Pong ball. Once the queen and the first generation of her offspring outgrow the embryo nest, they construct what’s called a primary nest, a cantaloupe-size structure that can be fabricated anywhere from a sprinkler valve box to the eaves of a building. Once the primary nest reaches the size of a basketball, the hornets build an even larger structure, known as a secondary nest, usually high up in the trees. With plenty of treetop real estate, these nests can grow larger than beach balls and contain thousands of hornets.
To find these nests, the team set up a public reporting system last year. The resulting deluge of tips has not always been reliable. Many are cases of mistaken identity, calling out the nests of bald-faced hornets or paper wasps. One reported embryo nest proved to be something even more innocuous: the husk of a hickory nut.
Trapping and Tracking
The team’s other technique is to find the hornets outside the nest. So far in 2026, the team has deployed more than 4,300 traps throughout South Carolina, fashioned out of plastic buckets and jugs and hung from tree branches.
To entice the hornets, the team brews up an irresistible bait: a mixture of grape juice and brown sugar syrup that Mr. Cavin calls “Georgia juice,” a nod to his mother, who is from Savannah. This sticky concoction has proved effective at catching hornets without attracting beneficial insects like honeybees. Mr. Cavin initially bought cases of grape juice from Costco but now buys the juice by the pallet. This year, by the end of June, the team had already used some 4,100 gallons of grape juice and more than 9,000 pounds of brown sugar.
One recent morning, Mr. Cavin’s colleague Miguel Martinez mixed up a batch of Georgia juice in a jug on the bed of a pickup truck. “At the end of the day, I end up smelling like vinegar or wine,” Mr. Martinez said. “It’s not the most appealing scent.”
Mr. Martinez and Mr. Cavin were preparing to check and refill a string of traps running across Coosaw Island, a mosaic of marshes and pine forests near Beaufort, S.C. Most of the traps were spaced a quarter mile apart and located right off the road, making the monitoring effort fairly easy; some of the swampier trapping locales, Mr. Martinez noted, were home to alligators and snakes.
The traps are meant not to eradicate yellow-legged hornets but to help researchers pinpoint where the insects are congregating. Several hornets in a trap are likely to mean a nest is nearby. This morning’s catch was relatively small: five yellow-legged hornets across nearly 10 traps.
When the team members come across a trap containing dozens of yellow-legged hornets, they place additional traps, using triangulation to help locate the nest. Eventually, they convert some traps to open-lid bait stations and observe the flight paths of the various hornets, which usually fly straight back to their nests after gorging themselves on Georgia juice.
Despite their targets’ small size, the team members are also experimenting with tracking techniques. The most rudimentary: a brightly-colored paint pen, which they use to mark trapped hornets before release. A splotch of blue, red or yellow paint makes it easier to follow the hornets’ flight path through the Lowcountry’s dense foliage.
A more sophisticated approach involves electronic trackers. The team in Georgia utilizes high-frequency radio tags that are only slightly larger than a grain of rice and weigh just 0.14 grams, about the same as a quarter of a raisin. After a hornet is extracted from a trap, it is placed on ice as a form of anesthesia. The team then secures a tag to its waist using Kevlar thread, and gives it a meal of fresh honey to provide energy for the return trip to the nest.
After the hornet takes off, the team tracks it using a simple beeping scanner that increases in volume when pointed in the right direction. This lets the team follow a tagged insect until — hopefully — the nest becomes visible in the treetops.
Swarms, and a Deafening Buzz
Once a nest is confirmed, Mr. Cavin calls in removal experts. Among the most reliable are Nathan Krelis and Wes Long from Hilton Head Exterminators, who have removed hundreds of nests since the insect first appeared in the state, including one last summer that was the size of a car engine.
Removing nests can take skill and steely nerves. The exterminators are often met by swarming hornets and a nearly deafening buzz. To limit the amount of pesticide they spray into the environment, the pair plugs the nest’s entrance with a small piece of sponge, creating a self-contained chamber.
After the hornets cease swarming, the exterminators scrape the nest off and place it inside a clear plastic bag, like a takeout order. Back at his team’s headquarters, Mr. Cavin freezes the nest to kill off any surviving hornets and places the structure in a kiln to dry for preservation.
One afternoon in June, the team conducted several removals along U.S. Route 278, a road leading out to Hilton Head Island that is lined with gated communities and shopping plazas. The exterminators suited up in beekeeping garb and climbed their ladders to remove nests from maintenance sheds, storefronts and several houses. (When removing secondary nests from trees, the exterminators use construction lifts.)
At one house, Karen Opderbeck watched Mr. Long remove a nest that was tucked underneath the roofline. Ms. Opderbeck, who had reported the nest, recalled a recent visit to an apiary with her garden club, where she witnessed a yellow-legged hornet hunting spree. “They were nabbing bees and going up into the trees with them,” she said.
Mr. Long removed the softball-size nest and held it out in his gloved hand for Ms. Opderbeck to inspect. Lodged inside, like a Russian nesting doll, was the original embryo nest.
“It’s like having a stalker right at your front door,” Ms. Opderbeck said.
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