On April 14, the international community was shaken by Iran’s bold and direct military attack on Israel. The attack, involving approximately 300 projectiles—including 170 drones, more than 30 cruise missiles, and more than 120 ballistic missiles—challenged one of the world’s most advanced missile defense systems. Although most were intercepted or failed to reach their targets, U.S. officials confirmed that at least nine missiles struck two Israeli air bases.
To understand the full implications of this assault, it’s essential to consider the internal Iranian context. Government officials, analysts, and political figures in Iran view the attack as indicative of a strategic shift meant to change regional dynamics. They say the strikes aimed not to provoke an all-out war, but to establish strategic deterrence.
This strategic recalibration follows a prolonged period during which Israel’s actions against Tehran’s interests went largely unchallenged. These actions included strikes on Iranian military figures, scientists, and key infrastructure, carried out with seeming impunity.
The landscape shifted, however, following a speech by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei during Eid al-Fitr on April 10. This address came in the wake of an Israeli airstrike that hit the Iranian consulate in Damascus, Syria, on April 1, which claimed the lives of 16 people, among them two senior Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) officers. In his public remarks, Khamenei proclaimed, “Consulates and embassy facilities in any country are considered the soil of the country to which the embassy belongs; when our consulate is attacked, it’s as if our soil has been attacked; this is a global convention. The nefarious regime made a mistake in this matter; it must be punished, and it will be punished.”
Iran’s subsequent military response was measured, with warnings issued beforehand to various regional countries, to minimize casualties and provide Israel with de-escalation options. Iranian officials were quick to embed an unequivocal message within this new strategic posture: Any future incursions on Iranian soil or against Iranian nationals abroad will trigger direct counterstrikes on Israeli territory. Iran has thus defined its threshold, attempting to create a new strategic reality.
Reflecting on these events, conservative Iranian analyst Gholamreza Bani Asadi stated, “The era of hit-and-run is over. A single strike against us will result in a tenfold response.” This sentiment echoes the broader Iranian stance post-attack.
Yousef Mashfeq, another Iranian analyst, contributed to this narrative by stating, “Iran demonstrated that with its minimal capability and by utilizing the simplest drones and missiles, it can overwhelm Israel and bypass its defenses; to the extent that even aid from the United States and other countries could not counteract the attacks.” His analysis aligns with another prevailing view among the Islamic Republic’s commentariat that Iran’s military operation deliberately avoided the use of its most sophisticated armaments.
The Supreme National Security Council of Iran, the principal body responsible for foreign-policy decision-making, asserted that the attack on Israel was in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. The council emphasized that the operation was a constrained response, targeting solely military installations. “Iran has carried out the minimum necessary punitive action against the aggressive Zionist regime to secure its national interests and national security,” it stated. “Currently, no further military action is planned by Iran.”
In the wake of the attack, Iran’s rhetoric appears to challenge the widely held view of Israel’s deterrence dominance. Iranian officials have hinted that, should hostilities escalate, they may consider U.S. assets and interests in the region as potential targets for retaliation.
Moreover, Iran’s military leaders have conveyed their willingness to obstruct the flow of maritime traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, which is crucial for international commerce. The recent declaration by the IRGC naval commander, threatening to block the strait, reinforces this stance. The timing of Iran’s capture of a cargo vessel, purportedly owned by an Israeli tycoon, just before the strike on Israel, seems to be a deliberate show of capability. This action mirrors the Houthis’ strategy in the Red Sea and implies that Iran is ready to impede maritime movement in the Persian Gulf if a full-scale conflict arises, potentially with severe disruptive consequences for the global economy.
The political spectrum within the Islamic Republic has shown a mostly united front in support of the strikes, with figures from conservative, moderate, and reformist factions all backing the action. Former President Hassan Rouhani, a moderate, expressed hope that Israel would “learn its lesson” and cease its aggressive behavior to avoid a “proportionate” Iranian response. Echoing this sentiment, reformist ex-President Mohammad Khatami lauded Iran’s response as “calculated, courageous, logical, and lawful.”
Other reformist figures have expressed hope that the strikes might create an opportunity for diplomatic de-escalation in the region. Mohammad Hossein Khoshvaght, the editor of the reformist news outlet Fararu, observed that “Even in war, all sides try not to burn all bridges behind them and always keep the possibility open to sit at the negotiation table and solve the problem through dialogue.” Additionally, Masoud Pezeshkian, a reformist parliamentarian, suggested that “should Iran and America agree on preventing the start of a new war, we can expand this agreement to other areas.”
Meanwhile, another cross-section of Iranian civil society, encompassing pro-democracy advocates and labor organizations, has collectively voiced its opposition to war in the aftermath of the attack on Israel. One statement, signed by more than 350 civil society figures—including prominent women’s rights defenders and student leaders—declared, “We, civil activists, believe that the discourse of democracy-seeking is intertwined with ‘No to War,’ and this discourse has no relation to warmongering currents, whether in the position of the Islamic Republic or in the guise of opposition.”
Simultaneously, four independent labor unions—the Free Union of Iranian Workers, the Coordinating Council of Iranian Teachers’ Trade Associations, the Group of United Retirees, and the Council of Retirees of Iran—issued statements regarding the dire consequences of war for Iranians. Additionally, Nasrin Sotoudeh, a well-known dissident lawyer, publicly expressed her disapproval of war, stating, “We do not want war under any name.”
But since the attack on Israel, the Iranian government has intensified its suppression of dissent, especially any criticism of the military operation. The judiciary has summoned various political figures, media professionals, and publications for their critique of Iran’s conduct. Prominent individuals, including Hossein Dehbashi, a documentary maker and journalist, and Abbas Abdi, a journalist and activist, are facing charges of “disturbing the public’s mental security.”
In a similar vein, the IRGC’s Intelligence Organization has pledged to take stern measures against any online support for Israel, calling on the public to report such incidents to its cyber division.
Ultimately, the Iranian assault on Israeli soil marks a pivotal juncture in the Middle East’s geopolitical landscape. Iran’s strategic display of military capability, while restrained, serves as a stark reminder of its burgeoning deterrent capabilities. And the rhetoric from Tehran following the attack is not mere bluster. It amounts to a serious and newfound declaration of intent to retaliate with greater force against any future Israeli aggression.
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