James Burrows, the genre-shaping master of the television situation comedy who was a creator of “Cheers” and who directed “The Mary Tyler Moore Show,” “The Bob Newhart Show,” “Taxi,” “Frasier,” “Friends” and “The Big Bang Theory,” died on Friday. He was 85.
His agent, Rick Rosen, confirmed the death, but did not say where he died or specify a cause.
Known as both an actor’s and a writer’s director, Mr. Burrows earned a reputation as the “Steven Spielberg of sitcoms,” winning 11 Emmy Awards and receiving 47 nominations in a career that spanned five decades. In 1995, Bill Carter, writing in The New York Times, described him as “the man whose visual style and comedic instincts have helped create more comedy hits than anyone else in television.”
With a unique flair for the multicamera sitcom, Mr. Burrows won audiences by focusing on the laughs.
“When I direct a television show, I try to reach that sweet spot where the best script meets the best performance and the best chemistry between performers,” Mr. Burrows noted in his 2022 autobiography, “Directed by James Burrows,” written with Eddy Friedfeld. “Hitting that exact moment, where these factors land in combination, results in the sweetest and most enduring laugh.”
Whatever the setting, whether a New York taxi garage or a neighborhood bar in Boston, he sought to nurture his actors into ensembles. “I guess I have a gift for creating families,” he told The Times in 2023.
Mr. Burrows relished contributions from writers and actors, making every episode a collaborative effort. “Actors walk the plank for me because they know I will catch them,” he wrote. “They may get wet, but they’ll never drown on my watch.”
Distinctly different from film directors, who control every aspect of a movie’s creative development, television directors often act as traffic cops on a set and toil in relative anonymity. They are part of a creative team led by a writer and executive producer, who also acts as the showrunner.
Television directors don’t usually exert creative control ahead of the writers. But Mr. Burrows defied that tradition. He was so skilled that he became the most sought-after and highly paid sitcom director during the golden age of network comedies in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s.
“I’m concerned about believability and the economy of the comedy, the shortest distance between the character and the laughter,” Mr. Burrows wrote in his autobiography. “When I direct an episode, I have lots of notes. I am apt to tell writers, ‘50 percent of what I say is gold and 50 percent is garbage. It’s your job to figure out which is which.’”
The son of the Broadway playwright and director Abe Burrows, who helped create such hits as “Guys and Dolls” and “How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying,” the younger Mr. Burrows grew up immersed in the world of Manhattan theater.
Having begun his career watching and working with his father on Broadway, he approached his television episodes as if he was directing a stage play, and the ensemble casts, including such stars as Ms. Moore, Mr. Newhart, Judd Hirsch, Ted Danson, Jennifer Aniston, Sean Hayes and Kelsey Grammer, loved working with him.
“He is without a doubt the person any actor wants calling the shots when the cameras are rolling,” Mr. Grammer, who played the psychiatrist Frasier Crane on “Cheers” and “Frasier,” said in a 2019 episode of “Inside the Actors Studio.”
Because of his intuitive understanding of the timing and structure of a successful sitcom episode, Mr. Burrows was in constant demand, often working on more than one series at a time. He directed a staggering 75 pilot episodes that became series.
“I try to break down those barriers between writer and actor and director, and make everybody feel like they’re all a part of the process, without incurring the wrath of a writer,” Mr. Burrows said in a 2023 interview on the radio station KCRW.
In 1994, for example, Mr. Burrows not only directed but also helped cast “Friends.” Before shooting the pilot, he gathered the group of mostly unknown young actors — Lisa Kudrow, Courteney Cox, Matt LeBlanc, David Schwimmer, Matthew Perry and Ms. Aniston — and flew them on a private plane to Las Vegas for a dinner at Spago at Caesars Palace.
He wanted to ensure that the cast members bonded. At dinner, he told them: “This is your last shot at anonymity. Once the show comes on the air, you guys will never be able to go anywhere without being hounded.”
James Edward Burrows was born in Los Angeles on Dec. 30, 1940, to Abe and Ruth (Levinson) Burrows. When he was 5, the family moved to New York City, where he grew up. His mother was a homemaker and social activist who instilled a lifelong sense of social justice in James and her daughter, Laurie.
His parents divorced when Mr. Burrows was 8, a trauma he said he carried into adulthood. His father’s success exposed him to theater luminaries. Having a famous father, however, was a mixed blessing.
Mr. Burrows knew he would always be considered “Abe’s kid,” so to avoid his father’s long shadow, he decided he had no interest in a theater career. Nonetheless, he attended New York’s High School of Music and Art and eventually found himself unable to resist show business. Countless visits to his father’s productions and rehearsals left an indelible impression about how to work with actors and crews.
Mr. Burrows graduated from Oberlin College in 1962 and the Yale School of Drama in 1965. There, he realized he couldn’t sing, dance or write. But he became intrigued with the idea of directing.
After graduating, he became an assistant stage manager for “Breakfast at Tiffany’s,” a short-lived 1966 musical by his father that featured Mary Tyler Moore. After working as a stage director at dinner theaters for the next few years, Mr. Burrows realized that television situation comedies — which in essence are short stage plays in front of a camera — might be a perfect outlet for his skills.
In 1974, he wrote to Ms. Moore asking for a chance to work for her company, MTM, which produced her hit show. Her husband, Grant Tinker, invited Mr. Burrows to come to Los Angeles, where he was given his first shot at directing a sitcom. There, he met the veteran television director Jay Sandrich, who became a mentor.
After “The Mary Tyler Moore Show,” he directed episodes of the spinoffs “Rhoda” and “Phyllis” and later “The Bob Newhart Show,” “Laverne & Shirley” and “Taxi.” In 1982, he teamed up with the writer-producer brothers Glen and Les Charles, whom he knew from “Taxi,” to create “Cheers,” which changed the trajectory of his career and eventually brought him vast wealth through syndication and residuals.
Of the 275 episodes of the series over 11 seasons, Mr. Burrows directed all but 35. Its finale, in 1993, drew the second-largest audience for a series finale in television history. (Only the finale of “M*A*S*H” in 1983 drew more viewers.)
In 1981, he married Linda Solomon, with whom he had three daughters, Kat, Ellie and Maggie. The couple divorced in 1993. Mr. Burrows married Debbie Easton in 1997. Complete information about his survivors was not immediately available.
Working into his 80s, Mr. Burrows maintained unabated enthusiasm for his craft.
“The laughter behind me is so rewarding for my soul, I would almost do it for free,” he told The Times in 2023. “And it’s nice to be able to go back to what happened to me 50 years ago and still have this feeling of creativity. When pilot season comes this year, I hope there is a pilot that I like.”
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