drive to reduce reliance on the US dollar crystallized during the 2008–2009 global financial crisis.
Alarmed by the aggressive money printing, which threatened the value of Beijing’s $1.9 trillion (€1.65 trillion) in foreign assets, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) launched a pilot scheme in July 2009 to settle cross-border trade in the or renminbi for the first time.
The pilot kickstarted a 16-year campaign that now sees the yuan used to settle 30% of China’s $6.2 trillion global trade in goods, the Chinese central bank’s deputy governor, Zhu Hexin, told an economic summit in June.
If you count all cross-border payments — including bond purchases and foreign investment — the yuan’s share leaps to 53%, overtaking China’s dollar trade for the first time in 2023.
In a further milestone, the yuan briefly overtook last year as the second-most used currency in global trade finance, albeit with 5.8% of the market versus the dollar’s 82%, according to SWIFT, the global messaging network banks use to settle international payments.
The yuan’s share of global currency reserves also reached its highest-ever level in the second quarter of the year at 2.4%, the said in October.
Yuan’s global role grows, with limits
While BRICS nations of the recently explored alternatives to the dollar, including proposals for a shared currency, China has taken a more pragmatic approach, steadily building the yuan’s role in global trade while deliberately maintaining controls on currency exchange.
“China wants the yuan to become internationalized for trade — for the real economy,” Miguel Otero-Iglesias, senior fellow at the Elcano Royal Institute in Madrid, Spain, told DW. “It is less interested in the yuan becoming a financial currency.”
If Beijing allowed the yuan to be used in global financial markets for capital flows, investments and financial instruments, as well as for trade, Otero-Iglesias said it would reduce the Chinese Communist Party’s control over its domestic credit system.
“Beijing believes finance needs to be the slave and not master of the real economy,” he added.
Headlines often frame the yuan’s recent rise as a direct challenge to the dominance of the dollar, for nearly 80 years the global reserve currency and still used in over 58% of international transactions and foreign exchange reserves.
But Dan Wang, China director at the political risk consultancy Eurasia Group, sees a more restrained reality.
“Beijing has never called it ,” Wang told DW. “A more accurate description of China’s intention is the regionalization of the yuan [toward the Global South].”
Over the past three years, China has leveraged its vast economic clout and the geopolitical fallout from the to secure favorable energy and commodity deals — including steep discounts from — with an increasing share settled in yuan.
“Over time, especially when China has the negotiating power, it could ask for a higher ratio [of trade in yuan]. That’s what Chinese state-owned enterprises are already doing with foreign commodity suppliers,” Wang said.
Yuan’s key role in debt financing
A second pillar of Beijing’s efforts to boost the use of the yuan is overseas lending, which embeds the Chinese currency in the debt structures of developing countries.
Chinese banks’ external yuan holdings — loans, deposits and bonds — have quadrupled to $480 billion in five years, according to the Financial Times, representing a growing slice of China’s roughly $1 trillion in outward lending through the country’s (BRI).
With yuan interest rates 200–300 basis points below dollar levels, the business daily noted that , Angola and Ethiopia have converted old dollar debts into yuan this year, while , Slovenia and Kazakhstan are now issuing bonds in the Chinese currency.
Beyond trade and lending, Beijing has built a third line of defense: a separate financial architecture that can operate independently of dollar-dominated systems. At the heart is CIPS, China’s Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which offers an alternative to SWIFT for international transactions.
In major financial hubs like Singapore, London, and Frankfurt, yuan clearing hubs have been opened. The PBOC is also piloting the digital yuan, a central bank digital currency (CBDC). With access expanded to more than 20 countries, the digital yuan is set to further streamline cross-border payments and reduce reliance on Western banks.
“This could be another channel whereby China internationalizes its currency by being a pioneer at the avant-garde of digital sovereign money,” Otero-Iglesias told DW.
China has also signed currency swap deals with more than 50 countries. These agreements enable central banks to exchange their local currencies for yuan on demand, giving the likes of Russia and Iran a critical hedge against US sanctions that have blocked access to the dollar.
They’re also a boon for countries that depend on Chinese trade and investment, like , Pakistan and Turkey.
Beijing to maintain iron grip on yuan
Unlike Western currencies, the yuan remains tightly managed by Beijing and can’t be freely exchanged for other currencies without government oversight.
China’s domestic credit system is still largely directed by state-owned banks under political supervision. Beijing is wary that allowing unrestricted flows of money in and out of the country could expose the Chinese currency to speculative attacks and other foreign influence. So full convertibility remains off the table.
“Beijing is not going to take a liberal approach,” Otero-Iglesias told DW. “The internationalization of the yuan will follow the Chinese Communist Party logic of command and control.”
But without full convertibility, the yuan is unlikely to become a dominant financial currency used for global investment and reserves. Indeed, Beijing’s cautious strategy may limit how far the yuan can go.
The push to expand yuan-based trade also faces headwinds from China’s own . Domestic demand is weakening, with consumers and businesses spending less, partly due to a worsening real-estate crash.
Chinese factories are producing more than the country needs, so Beijing must rely more heavily on exports to drive its economy. Without consistent foreign demand, as a result of US President tariff war, the growth of yuan-denominated trade could stall.
“The growth has to come from overseas,” Eurasia Group’s Wang said. “That means global trade now becomes even more important to China.”
If China demands that more deals are settled in its own currency, trading partners must be willing to accept it, which analysts say will require more trust, transparent institutions and a stronger economy.
Edited by: Uwe Hessler
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