Not long after John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as president, he received his first visit from a foreign leader. He had chosen Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s first president. By today’s standards, in which Africa seems to sit on the far margins of world affairs, the selection is practically unimaginable.
But even as a senator, Mr. Kennedy had begun to see Africa — with its enormous landmass, newly independent countries and young population — as a continent full of promise. By one count, during his presidential campaign speeches in 1960 he mentioned Africa 479 times. As president, he was keen to compete for influence there with the Soviet Union and even side with anticolonialism, courting tension with America’s European allies.
Until Mr. Kennedy’s assassination, Mr. Nkrumah remained the American president’s most important African interlocutor, a fact that reflects both the Ghanaian leader’s charisma and the tremendous prestige he had earned on the continent by peacefully leading his country to independence from colonial rule in 1957. Driven by his belief in Pan-Africanism, Mr. Nkrumah worked tirelessly to overcome the Balkanizing impact of colonial rule across Africa.
As the world’s powers turn away from the continent, it’s a vision that may hold the key to realizing Africa’s potential today.
The United States did not withdraw from Africa after Mr. Kennedy’s death, but the continent was sharply downgraded in the hierarchy of Washington’s interests. America’s involvement quickly narrowed to a policy of near-zero-sum competition with Moscow, in which each superpower forged alliances with the aim of restraining the influence of the other. Most of these involved military relationships and limited financial support to dictatorships of one kind or another, with little regard for democracy, governance or long-term economic development.
Since the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet empire, American engagement with Africa has declined sharply and become largely limited to humanitarian assistance. Under President Trump, even this is now in doubt, with the virtual elimination of the United States Agency for International Development and apparent plans to end support for PEPFAR, a program created by George W. Bush that has had remarkable success in combating H.I.V. in Africa.
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