US President is doubling down against the bloc of fast-growing economies — including , , , and — warning that their push to undermine the US dollar’s dominance threatens America’s economic supremacy.
Just as leaders convened in Rio de Janeiro for their annual summit, Trump on Sunday vowed to slap an on any nation backing the group’s “anti-American policies,” piling pressure on top of existing and threatened trade levies.
The Trump administration’s 90-day pause on is set to expire Wednesday and letters have been sent to inform dozens of countries of their new US import levy, according to the White House.
While his latest threat is much lower than the 100% tariffs promised in January on countries that “play games with the dollar,” Trump remains adamant about the need to safeguard the world’s reserve currency.
Over the past decade, BRICS has swelled from four to 10 members, including , which joined in January. is listed as a member but has yet to confirm its status. The bloc also has nine partner countries, while dozens of others are lining up to join.
The bloc, which is touted as China’s alternative to the G7 (Group of Seven) wealthy nations, now represents a quarter of the global economy and almost half of the world’s population.
“Trump has a reason to worry,” Alicia Garcia-Herrero, a senior fellow at the Brussels-based think tank Bruegel, told DW. “The BRICS is very clearly anti-Western. Part of its mantra is to change the global order.”
Dollar diversification, but no real alternative
BRICS has recently intensified efforts to reduce reliance on the dollar by promoting trade in local currencies among members.
Stung by and tariffs, Russia and China are spearheading the so-called move, settling energy deals in rubles and yuan. India, meanwhile, has paid for since 2023 in yuan, rubles, and even the United Arab Emirates’ dirham.
Grander ambitions — like a gold-backed common currency, dubbed the “Unit” — have so far stalled amid internal rifts between powerful BRICS members. India, wary of the dominance of China’s yuan, has rejected the plan, while 2025 summit host Brazil also wants to prioritize local currency trade over a unified currency.
“India, together with Brazil, is trying to balance the anti-Western messaging from BRICS, which is dominated by China and Russia,” said Garcia-Herrero, who is also chief economist (Asia Pacific) at French investment bank Natixis.
Out of the roughly $33 trillion (€28 trillion) in global trade conducted in 2024, intra-BRICS trade made up just 3%, or around $1 trillion, according to the BRICS website.
“The majority of world trade is still settled in dollars and other traditional currencies,” economist Herbert Poenisch told DW. “It will take a lot to dethrone that.”
The US currency is used in 90% of global transactions and 59% of foreign exchange reserves, prompting several economists to argue that dedollarization remains a distant threat.
They believe that any BRICS alternative will be hampered by the yuan’s capital controls, the ruble’s volatility and some members’ reluctance to abandon the greenback.
BRICS growing fast but making little progress
With Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, the UAE and Indonesia recently joining and nearly new partner or affiliate nations like Algeria and Malaysia in tow, BRICS is clearly on a rapid growth path.
Many countries are drawn to the bloc for pragmatic reasons, seeking a multipolar world order less dominated by the West. They believe BRICS will amplify the voice of on the world stage.
Those fearful of Western sanctions, like Iran and Russia, are counting on BRICS to help shield their economies through BRICS Pay and BRICS Bridge — planned alternatives to the Western payment messaging system, SWIFT.
Others, including Ethiopia and Egypt, seek development financing free of the political strings often tied to Western aid. But Trump’s latest threat could make them think twice.
“Suddenly, being part of BRICS has a cost,” Garcia-Herrero told DW. “This will probably discourage some, particularly the poorer countries.”
Yet despite its growing membership and lofty promises, BRICS has struggled to translate ambition into action. The bloc lacks institutional cohesion and suffers from deep , most notably between India and China.
Efforts to build alternative financial institutions have also been cautious and limited in scope. The New Development Bank (NDB), touted as a rival to the World Bank, has so far approved $39 billion in loans, versus the World Bank’s $1 trillion plus.
BRICS leaders are quickly realizing that expansion doesn’t equal influence. Without a clear strategic vision, stronger coordination and tangible alternatives, some watchers believe the bloc risks becoming a symbolic club rather than a transformative force.
“Trump shouldn’t be worried,” economist Herbert Poenisch told DW. “BRICS is still in the early stages and bridging the many differences in priority will be a tall order.”
Ideological differences hard to reconcile
Despite their many differences, BRICS leaders did take a strong stance on Trump’s tariffs during the Brazil summit. In a declaration published Monday (June 7), the leaders criticized unilateral sanctions and protectionist tariffs, without naming Trump directly. The bloc warned that such measures “skew global trade” and violate rules.
Expanding from a mostly economic forum, the leaders emphasized cooperation on governance, and global health, while also denouncing global conflicts.
BRICS leaders said last month’s attacks on Iran were a “violation of international law,” without mentioning the US or Israel. They also reaffirmed support for Palestinian statehood and denounced the use of “starvation as a weapon” in .
The declaration avoided criticizing Russia directly, reflecting a cautious approach due to Russia’s membership, but it did condemn Ukraine’s strikes on Russian infrastructure and called for a “sustainable peace settlement.”
The BRICS leaders also reaffirmed their commitment to multilateralism, international law, and reforms to the , including permanent seats for Brazil, India and an African nation.
Edited by: Uwe Hessler
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