Iran was reeling and firing missiles and drones on Friday after Israel carried out its largest attack ever against Iran, waves of coordinated airstrikes that hit nuclear sites and killed much of the country’s military chain of command along with several nuclear scientists.
Israel’s assault early Friday morning and Iran’s response immediately raised the prospect of a wider conflict engulfing the Middle East, although Iran’s military capabilities and its proxy militias have been weakened by 20 months of Israeli attacks.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel described the assault as a last resort to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon, which Israel calls an existential threat, and he vowed that the attacks would last “as many days as it takes.”
Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said in a televised statement on Friday that Iran would act forcefully to punish Israel for the attack. “Life will be dark for them,” he said, adding: “They started it. They started a war.”
Iran’s foreign minister, Abbas Araghchi, told the United Nations Security Council on Friday that Israel’s strikes had killed 78 people and injured 329 others.
In response, Iran fired “fewer than 100” missiles in two waves toward Israel on Friday, most of which were intercepted by Israel’s robust air defenses, according to Brig. Gen. Effie Defrin, an Israeli military spokesman. But several buildings were hit, some with shrapnel.
At least 40 people were wounded in Tel Aviv and the surrounding area, according to a tally from three hospitals. Most of the patients were moderately injured, but a few were in critical condition.
Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps said that it had struck dozens of targets in Israel “forcefully and with precision,” including military and defense sites, in response to Israel’s attacks.
The Israeli military said that Iranian forces had also launched about 100 drones at Israel and that a missile fired from Yemen had landed in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Israel said it had shot down many of the drones, and there were no immediate reports of casualties.
Israel’s attack was an audacious attempt to cripple a country that it has been battling for years, with covert operations aimed at killing Iran’s military commanders and nuclear scientists, and direct combat against forces it supports across the Middle East, including Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Gaza, where Israel remains at war.
President Trump had been trying to dissuade Mr. Netanyahu from attacking Iranian nuclear sites, while American and Iranian negotiators attempted to reach a deal to limit Iran’s nuclear activities.
American and Iranian negotiators had been planning to meet on Sunday in Oman for a sixth round of talks on a nuclear deal. But after the attack on Friday, Iran announced that it would not participate in the talks on Sunday.
Mr. Trump, in a social media post on Friday, said Iran “must make a deal, before there is nothing left,” and he warned that the next round of Israeli airstrikes would be “even more brutal.”
U.S. officials said they were moving warships and other military assets in the Middle East to help protect Israel and American troops in the region. The U.S.S. Thomas Hudner, a naval destroyer, was directed to sail to the Eastern Mediterranean, and a second destroyer may soon follow, the officials said. The Air Force will most likely move additional fighter aircraft to the region soon, one official said.
The military assets were not being positioned to take part in any offensive against Iran, a Pentagon official said. But they helped Israel shoot down Iranian missiles on Friday, a U.S. official said, just as U.S. warships did when Iran fired a barrage against Israel in October.
Israel’s strikes on Friday were the first time the country had openly attacked Iran’s nuclear sites, including its main nuclear enrichment facility at Natanz, which an Israeli military spokesman said had suffered “significant damage.”
Social media footage verified by The New York Times shows flames and thick black smoke billowing from Natanz, shortly after explosions were reported there at 4:18 a.m. local time. Satellite images reviewed by The Times showed several buildings and critical energy infrastructure there either destroyed or heavily damaged.
Rafael Grossi, the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, told the U.N. Security Council on Friday that Israel’s strike on Natanz had destroyed an aboveground enrichment plant, causing chemical and radiological contamination. Mr. Grossi said the leak was “manageable” with appropriate protection measures.
The Israeli military said it had also struck an Iranian nuclear facility in Isfahan and had destroyed uranium-enrichment infrastructure and labs. The damage could not be immediately confirmed.
Mr. Grossi said that the Iranian authorities had also reported strikes on Iran’s second-largest and most fortified nuclear complex, known as Fordo, which is built deep underground.
Mr. Netanyahu said he had ordered his security chiefs more than half a year ago, in November 2024, to destroy Iran’s nuclear program. The attack was originally planned for late April 2025 but was postponed for various reasons, he said, without elaborating.
“If Iran has a nuclear weapon, we simply won’t exist here,” he said in a videotaped statement on Friday, adding that Israel was at the “12th hour.”
Israel also attacked military bases and the homes of military commanders around the Iranian capital, Tehran, officials said. Iran’s state media showed blasts across Tehran, with smoke and fire billowing from buildings, and residents described a night of terror, as explosions rocked the city.
“We woke up with our house shaking from the explosions, and it hasn’t stopped,” said Sara, a 52-year-old mother of two in Tehran, who asked to be identified by her first name only.
Iranian state media and officials said that at least four top generals had been killed, including Maj. Gen. Mohammad Bagheri, the chief of staff of the armed forces and the second-highest commander after Ayatollah Khamenei; Gen. Hossein Salami, the commander in chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, Iran’s primary military force; and Gen. Ismail Ghaani, the Quds Forces commander in charge of the Iranian proxies in the Middle East.
Ayatollah Khamenei moved swiftly to replace the military leaders in an apparent bid to project stability and prevent a power vacuum.
Ali Shamkhani, an influential Iranian politician overseeing the nuclear talks with the United States, was also killed, as were two prominent nuclear scientists, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranji and Fereydoun Abbasi, according to Iranian state media and officials.
Several Israeli strikes also appeared to have targeted an underground missile base in Kermanshah, in western Iran, on Friday morning, according to witness videos verified by The Times, which showed columns of smoke rising from the site.
Israel’s allies expressed growing concern about the potential for the strikes to drive more conflict in the Middle East.
“Escalation serves no one in the region,” Prime Minister Keir Starmer of Britain said, while the European Union’s chief diplomat, Kaja Kallas, called the situation “dangerous.” Egypt, which has a longstanding peace treaty with Israel, called the Israeli strikes “a direct threat to regional and international peace and security.”
Russia’s president, Vladimir V. Putin, condemned the Israeli strikes and offered to serve as a mediator in the conflict, the Kremlin said, even as Russia is conducting the largest bombing campaign of Ukrainian cities since invading that country three years ago.
Israel has been facing international condemnation over the past few months for escalating the war in Gaza after a cease-fire collapsed in March, and for holding back humanitarian aid as the population in the enclave edges closer to the brink of starvation.
Still, several important allies stood behind Israel on Friday. President Emmanuel Macron of France said that Israel had a “right to protect itself and ensure its security.” And Germany’s chancellor, Friedrich Merz, said Iran had refused to abide by agreements to limit its nuclear program and added that Tehran “poses a serious threat to the entire region, especially to the State of Israel.”
Reporting was contributed by Natan Odenheimer, Michael Levenson, Lara Jakes, Helene Cooper, Pranav Baskar and Anatoly Kurmanaev.
Farnaz Fassihi is the United Nations bureau chief for The Times, leading coverage of the organization, and also covers Iran and the shadow war between Iran and Israel. She is based in New York.
Aaron Boxerman is a Times reporter covering Israel and Gaza. He is based in Jerusalem.
Qasim Nauman is a Times editor in Seoul, covering breaking news from around the world.
Isabel Kershner, a Times correspondent in Jerusalem, has been reporting on Israeli and Palestinian affairs since 1990.
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