Kristin Kramer woke up early on a Tuesday morning 10 years ago because one of her dogs needed to go out. Then, a couple of odd things happened.
When she tried to call her other dog, “I couldn’t speak,” she said. As she walked downstairs to let them into the yard, “I noticed that my right hand wasn’t working.”
But she went back to bed, “which was totally stupid,” said Ms. Kramer, now 54, an office manager in Muncie, Ind. “It didn’t register that something major was happening,” especially because, reawakening an hour later, “I was perfectly fine.”
So she “just kind of blew it off” and went to work.
It’s a common response to the neurological symptoms that signal a T.I.A., a transient ischemic attack or ministroke. At least 240,000 Americans experience one each year, with the incidence increasing sharply with age.
Because the symptoms disappear quickly, usually within minutes, people don’t seek immediate treatment, putting them at high risk for a bigger stroke.
Ms. Kramer felt some arm tingling over the next couple of days and saw her doctor, who found nothing alarming on a CT scan. But then she started “jumbling” her words and finally had a relative drive her to an emergency room.
By then, she could not sign her name.After an M.R.I., she recalled, “my doctor came in and said, ‘You’ve had a small stroke.’”
Did those early-morning aberrations constitute a T.I.A.? Might a 911 call and an earlier start on anti-clotting drugs have prevented her stroke? “We don’t know,” Ms. Kramer said. She’s doing well now, but faced with such symptoms again, “I would seek medical attention.”
Now, a large epidemiological study by researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, published in JAMA Neurology, points to another reason to take T.I.A.s seriously: Over five years, study participants’ performance on cognitive tests after a T.I.A. drops as steeply as it does among victims of a full-on stroke.
“If you have one stroke or one T.I.A., with no other event over time and no other change in your medical status, the rate of cognitive decline is the same,” said Dr. Victor Del Bene, a neuropsychologist and lead author of the study.
An accompanying editorial by Dr. Eric Smith, a neurologist at the University of Calgary, was pointedly headlined “Transient Ischemic Attack — Not So Transient After All!”
The study showed that even if the symptoms resolve — typically within 15 minutes to an hour — T.I.A.s set people on a different cognitive slope later in life, Dr. Smith said in an interview: “a long-lasting change in people’s cognitive ability, possibly leading to dementia.”
The study, analyzing findings from data on more than 30,000 participants, followed three groups of adults over age 45 with no history of stroke or T.I.A. “It’s been a hard group to study because you lack the base-line data of how they were functioning prior to the T.I.A. or stroke,” Dr. Del Bene said.
With this longitudinal study, however, researchers could separate those who went on to have a T.I.A. from a group that went on to suffer a stroke and also from an asymptomatic control group. The team adjusted their findings for a host of demographic variables and health conditions.
Immediately after a T.I.A., “we don’t see an abrupt change in cognition,” as measured by cognitive tests administered every other year, Dr. Del Bene said. The stroke group showed a steep decline, but the T.I.A. and control group participants “were more or less neck and neck.”
Five years later, the picture was different. People who had experienced T.I.A.s were cognitively better off than those who had suffered strokes. But both groups were experiencing cognitive decline, and at equally steep rates.
After accounting for various possible causes, the researchers concluded that the cognitive drop reflected not demographic factors, chronic illnesses or normal aging, but the T.I.A. itself.
“It’s not dementia,” Dr. Del Bene said of the decline after a T.I.A. “It may not even be mild cognitive impairment. But it’s an altered trajectory.”
Of course, most older adults do have other illnesses and risk factors, like heart disease, diabetes or smoking. “These things together work synergistically to increase the risk for cognitive decline and dementia over time,” he said.
The findings reinforce longstanding concerns that people experiencing T.I.A.s don’t respond quickly enough. “These events are serious, acute and dangerous,” said Dr. Claiborne Johnston, a neurologist and chief medical officer of Harbor Health in Austin.
After a T.I.A., neurologists put the risk of a subsequent stroke within 90 days at 5 percent to 20 percent, with half that risk occurring in the first 48 hours.
“Feeling back to normal doesn’t mean you can ignore this, or delay and discuss it with your primary care doctor at your next visit,” Dr. Johnston said. The symptoms should prompt a 911 call and an emergency room evaluation.
How to recognize a T.I.A.? Dr. Tracy Madsen, an epidemiologist and emergency medicine specialist at the University of Vermont, promotes the BE FAST acronym: balance loss, eyesight changes, facial drooping, arm weakness, speech problems. The T is for time, as in don’t waste any.
“We know a lot more about how to prevent a stroke, as long as people get to a hospital,” said Dr. Madsen, vice chair of an American Heart Association committee that, in 2023, revised recommendations for T.I.A.s.
The statement called for more comprehensive and aggressive testing and treatment, including imaging, risk assessment, anticlotting and other drugs, and counseling about lifestyle changes that reduce stroke risk.
Unlike other urgent conditions, a T.I.A. may not look dramatic or even be visible; patients themselves have to figure out how to respond.
Karen Howze, 74, a retired lawyer and journalist in Reno, Nev., didn’t realize that she’d had several T.I.A.s until after a doctor noticed weakness on her right side and ordered an M.R.I. Years later, she still notices some effect on “my ability to recall words.”
Perhaps “transient ischemic attack” is too reassuring a label, Dr. Johnston and a co-author argued in a 2022 editorial in JAMA. They suggested that giving a T.I.A. a scarier name, like “minor ischemic stroke,” would more likely prompt a 911 call.
The experts interviewed for this column all endorsed the idea of a name that includes the word “stroke.”
Changing medical practice is “frustratingly slow,” Dr. Johnston acknowledged. But whatever the nomenclature, keeping BE FAST in mind could lead to more examples like Wanda Mercer, who shared her experience in a previous column.
In 2018, she donated at the bloodmobile outside her office in Austin, where she was a systems administrator for the University of Texas, then walked two blocks to a restaurant for lunch. “Waiting in line, I remember feeling a little lightheaded,” she said. “I woke up on the floor.”
Reviving, she assured the worried manager that she had merely fainted after giving blood. But the manager had already called an ambulance — this was smart move No. 1.
The E.R. doctors ran tests, saw no problems, gave Dr. Mercer intravenous fluids and discharged her. “I began to tell my colleagues, ‘Guess what happened to me at lunch!’” she recalled. But, she said, she had lost her words: “I couldn’t articulate what I wanted to say.”
Smart move No. 2: Co-workers, suspecting a stroke, called the EMTs for the second time. “I was reluctant to go,” Dr. Mercer said. “But they were right.” This time, emergency room doctors diagnosed a minor stroke.
Dr. Mercer has had no recurrences. She takes a statin and a baby aspirin daily and sees her primary care doctor annually. Otherwise, at 73, she has retired to an active life of travel, pickleball, running, weight lifting and book groups.
“I’m very grateful,” she said, “that I have a happy story to tell.”
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