Ask your average German what they associate with the name Rudolf Steiner and they may well list off a string of things, from natural cosmetics brand Weleda to Demeter organic food products to the . The name will at least ring a bell.
Ask a non-German the same thing, and chances are they’ll just scratch their heads.
Yet while Steiner himself may not be well-known, his ideas have certainly had global impact, especially in the field of .
Steiner opened the first Waldorf school in 1919, and, 100 years after his death (on March 30, 1925), there are some 3,205 Waldorf kindergartens and schools in 75 countries around the world, from to and .
Despite this reach, even parents whose kids attend Waldorf schools may not be that familiar with their founder and his ideas.
So who was Rudolf Steiner? An educator? An entrepreneur? A man ahead of his times, or one trapped by the prejudices of his era?
Rudolf Steiner: A ‘magpie’ thinker
Rudolf Steiner was born on February 25, 1861, in Kraljevec, present-day , then part of the Austrian Empire. From a young age, he claimed to have clairvoyant visions, such as visitations from dead relatives. significantly influenced his later philosophies invoking an unseen yet real and accessible spiritual world.
As a student in his early 20s, Steiner was given the opportunity to edit ‘s scientific writings. He found himself drawn to the German polymath’s spiritual idea of nature. He was also an early admirer of the German philosopher , whose ideas on free thought and an essential humanity attracted him.
Steiner eventually rose to prominence within the theosophy movement, a late 19th-century esoteric and occultist movement involving pantheistic evolution and reincarnation that also fed into his beliefs.
Author Gary Lachman, who wrote a popular biography of Steiner, says the spiritual thinker has been described as a magpie. “[Steiner] picks up stuff from lots of other places and then puts them together in his own nest, in a new kind of form.”
Steiner called this form “anthroposophy,” taken from the Greek for human (anthropos) and wisdom (sophia). It centers on the idea that a spiritual world exists that is perceivable to humanity through enhanced consciousness and independent thought.
According to Steiner, humankind had largely evolved away from accessing this world, but they could relearn to do so again, which would lead to individual and universal well-being and advancement.
Despite its odder elements — such as belief in the lost continents of Atlantis and Lemuria, the pairing of the biblical figure of Lucifer with the Zoroastrian figure Ahriman, and the incorporation of karma and reincarnation within a Christian framework — Steiner’s anthroposophy proved highly attractive. This was a time when mainstream religion was declining and a growing scientific understanding of the world was implying a new meaninglessness to life.
“I think he offered people a sense of meaning, purpose,” Lachman explained. “We can look at it and think it all sounds rather really wacky … Put that aside and he’s basically trying to awaken and acknowledge human beings and their entire nature.”
People flocked to Steiner’s movement, and he became widely popular. “There were traffic jams in Berlin, queues outside auditoriums where he was giving his lectures,” said Lachman. His charisma was said to be infectious.
Over the years, Steiner and his followers applied his ideas to architecture, dance, medicine (in the form of ), political theory, banking and , an early form of organic agriculture that involves a mystical approach.
He was best-known for influencing education in the form of Waldorf schools, which emphasize a non-traditional creative curriculum over standard subjects like literacy and math.
Progressive, antisemitic and racist, or both?
In many ways, Steiner was quite progressive. “His ideas about education were very different than most general ideas at the time, and certainly in Germany, because he was promoting development of the imagination with early children,” Lachman explained.
Yet Steiner was also a man of his times and held views that, while common at the time, are today considered and racist. They also seemed to contradict his ideas on the universal value of every individual regardless of differences like ethnicity or ability.
While Steiner railed against popular antisemitism, he also described Judaism as “a mistake in world history” and called for Jews to assimilate to the extent that they would cease to be Jewish. He rejected “racial science” and eugenics, yet espoused a theory of “root races” in which each historical era featured a group of advanced people who would lead human evolution. In his time, this group of people were German speakers.
Historian Peter Staudenmaier, who has written on Steiner’s relationship to antisemitism and racism, says he can’t be pinned down in one category due to the complexity and evolving nature of his thoughts.
“He sometimes held antisemitic views and philosemitic views at the same time,” Staudenmaier said, adding that his views on race were similarly complex.
Anthroposophy under the Nazis
Steiner’s contradictory views meant that anthroposophy was both attractive and a threat to the .
Unlike many other contemporary esoteric movements that failed to outlive their leader, anthroposophy remained strong after Steiner’s death in 1925 thanks to his charisma and significant number of dedicated adherents.
His practical ideas regarding biodynamic agriculture, for example, was embraced by some Nazi officials, as was his Germano-centric view of human evolution.
Yet other Nazi officials saw in anthroposophy a dangerous movement and ideological threat to the party. Much like Nazism, it presented itself as a “transcendent doctrine [offering] a radical alternative to what came before” and this became a rival ideology to be quashed, Staudenmaier explained.
The Nazis’ ambivalent approaoch to anthroposophy combined with the movement’s large size — and a degree of accommodation among some anthroposophists — meant that despite a 1935 ban on the General Anthroposophical Society, it was able to survive the Nazi era and reconstitute itself after .
Steiner’s legacy today
Today, as the 100th anniversary of Steiner’s death on March 30, 1925, rolls around, some anthroposophical organizations have begun to acknowledge and grapple with the discriminatory elements of Steiner’s work and writings — even as they argue these are often misunderstood and don’t detract from his universal message.
Nevertheless, Steiner remains a household name in Germany and anthroposophy remains a global, if rather niche movement. There are 36 national anthroposophical societies around the world comprised of roughly 42,000 members.
Edited by: Stuart Braun
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