AT&T turned to artificial intelligence models from Anthropic and OpenAI in recent years to help with customer service, call transcription and coding. The A.I. models charged fees and were “closed,” which meant the A.I. companies did not share their underlying code.
This year, AT&T changed course.
As A.I. costs skyrocketed, Andy Markus, the company’s chief data and A.I. officer, looked for cheaper alternatives. He landed on “open” models, which can be downloaded and modified without payment or approval.
By May, open models accounted for 20 percent of AT&T’s A.I. use. That has since risen to 40 percent and may jump to 60 percent in the coming months, Mr. Markus said in an interview.
“We believe it could go much, much higher,” he said, adding that AT&T was saving up to 80 percent on A.I. costs compared with earlier this year.
Open-source artificial intelligence has become all the rage in corporate America. Like AT&T, companies such as Airbnb and Deloitte are also turning to open A.I. models that are easy to customize and cheaper to use. Last month, open models accounted for 58 percent of A.I. use, up from 10 percent a year ago, according to U.S. user data from OpenRouter, a platform that lets people choose different A.I. models to complete tasks.
On Thursday, the chip maker Nvidia announced it was buying Hugging Face, a library of open A.I. models, for $12.9 billion, another sign of the technology’s importance.
“Together, we will make A.I. more open, more capable and more accessible to people and institutions around the world,” Jensen Huang, Nvidia’s chief executive, said.
Open models come in two flavors. One is an open-source model, which makes its underlying code public. The other is an open-weights model, which makes its “weights” — the numerical calculations that determine how the model reasons — public.
Many of the most popular open A.I. models are made by Chinese companies like Moonshot AI, DeepSeek and Alibaba. Rather than spending millions in fees to use a closed model, developers can download one of the Chinese systems and build their products on top of it, paying mainly for servers. OpenAI and Anthropic charge for subscriptions and other fees, depending on the job.
Some Chinese open models are now 80 percent to 90 percent as powerful as those from OpenAI and Anthropic, while costing as little as 20 percent of the price, said Jerry Tang, the chief executive of Atlas Cloud, a start-up that provides access to various A.I. models. He compared the leading models from OpenAI and Anthropic to pricey sports cars — powerful, but not always necessary.
“Mazdas do a fine job getting you where you need to go, and Maseratis are simply not worth the investment,” Mr. Tang said. Open-source models, he added, “offer a better bang for your buck.”
The popularity of open models could spell trouble for Anthropic and OpenAI, which are both heading toward blockbuster initial public offerings. The companies have to charge more as they spend billions on research and development and computing power.
OpenAI and Anthropic did not immediately respond to requests for comment. (The New York Times has sued OpenAI and Microsoft, claiming copyright infringement of news content related to A.I. systems. The companies have denied the suit’s claims.)
The rise of open models plays into a broader debate in Silicon Valley and Washington about control over A.I. Dario Amodei, chief executive of Anthropic, has argued that A.I. should be tightly regulated to prevent national security concerns. Other tech leaders such as Mr. Huang of Nvidia and Mark Zuckerberg, chief executive of Meta, have said open-source technology is crucial for having a democratic, balanced A.I. ecosystem.
After OpenAI released ChatGPT in 2022, many companies and users gravitated to closed A.I. models. At the time, open-source models were mainly popular among developers.
The models began gaining favor last year after the Chinese start-up DeepSeek released one called DeepSeek-V3. It stood out for being nearly as cutting edge as leading closed models, while requiring less computing power. Since then, open models from Chinese companies have increasingly caught up to the performance of closed models from Anthropic, OpenAI, Google and others.
Many open models can now be powered by a phone or laptop, said David Stout, the chief executive of WebAI, an A.I. start-up. That has made the technology more accessible and even cheaper. Leading closed models are getting more complicated and requiring more computing power.
Most U.S. companies still use a combination of open and closed models. Closed models remain the best for heavy duty tasks like coding and image and video generation, while open models often excel at simple, specialized tasks, Mr. Tang of Atlas Cloud said.
At AT&T, the telecom company is now taking open-weights models and customizing them to make new tools that can transcribe calls and facilitate customer service, Mr. Markus, the company’s chief data and A.I. officer, said.
Some U.S. firms remain reluctant to use Chinese A.I. models because of concerns over regulation and data privacy. AT&T researches Chinese models but is not using them, Mr. Markus said. Instead, it is working with popular alternatives made by American companies such as the Gemma A.I. model from Google and the Llama A.I. models from Meta.
As Chinese models become more popular, some U.S. companies are unveiling new open A.I. models of their own. Last month, Meta made its leading A.I. system an open-weights model and said it would offer the model at a lower cost than other top U.S. models.
“I do not believe restricting access to foreign open-source models is an effective solution,” Mr. Zuckerberg said in a statement at the time. “Our goal should be for American open-source models to be the best globally.”
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