Satya Nadella, Microsoft’s chief executive, was striding across a stage in New Delhi, extolling his company’s $17.5 billion investment in artificial intelligence and the benefits it would bring to his native country’s 1.4 billion people. While he was speaking, Amazon made a rival announcement, promising to throw $35 billion into A.I.-driven projects across India.
A flood of money for data centers, cloud computing and other hardware has come to India. Two months before the near-simultaneous Microsoft-Amazon announcements, Google committed $15 billion to data centers in partnerships with two of India’s biggest conglomerates, the Adani Group and Bharti Airtel.
That $67.5 billion, to be spent over the next five years, is just the crest of a wave. A fourth American tech giant, Meta, is having a plant built near Google’s, as are India’s other biggest industrial houses, Reliance and Tata.
“This is going to be one of the largest single-sector investments that India’s ever seen,” said Somnath Mukherjee, chief investment officer at ASK Wealth Advisors in Mumbai.
These investments are vast in proportion to everything except for other A.I.-related investments. Trillions of dollars are at stake in this boom worldwide. In India, companies see a market with lots of room to run.
India hosts nearly 20 percent of the world’s data but only 3 percent of its storage. The United States has vastly more data centers than India, but India’s population, already the largest on the planet, is still growing, and its economy is expanding even faster.
“India is the largest consumer of data in the world, but with barely 5 percent of American data capacity,” Mr. Mukherjee said.
The enormous bets on India by Microsoft, Amazon, Google and Meta underscore the seemingly limitless reaches of the A.I. boom. President Trump stunned India with 50 percent tariffs this summer, casting a pall over the friendly and longstanding economic relationship between the countries. Negotiators from Washington and New Delhi are still trying to find some accommodation on trade. Yet artificial intelligence money plows ahead.
India’s economic strengths and weaknesses look like a mismatch for the A.I. investments. The data centers will require cheap land, abundant electricity and water. India’s whole territory is packed with farmland, and much of it suffers from unreliable power grids and scarce water supply. It does need jobs for a huge and semi-idle labor force, but data centers require minimal staffing.
But India doesn’t want to miss out on the A.I. gold rush. It also doesn’t want to rely on data servers overseas.
Since 2018, India has been weighing laws that would require digital functions to be based on servers in India. For national security’s sake, the government already insists that banks and WhatsApp, which Meta owns, keep their data local. Mr. Mukherjee said the possibility of officials’ widening those demands was motivating foreign companies to install servers within India.
Another reason to keep the data centers closer to the people who will be using them is that data slows the farther it has to travel. Delays of even milliseconds between faraway servers can pile up during complex processing, causing whole systems to lag. Until a few years ago, most of India’s data was stored on servers in Singapore, 1,800 miles away across the Bay of Bengal.
The data centers for Google, Microsoft, Amazon and Meta will join a growing number of smaller centers spread between India’s biggest urban areas. Most are along the coasts, where they can be connected to undersea cables.
Luring giant plants to Hyderabad, an inland city of 11 million, required a feat of salesmanship on the part of the local government. That job fell to Jayesh Ranjan, a special secretary in charge of tech and investment for the state who devised India’s first data-center policy in 2016.
Hyderabad’s first data centers, which were built before A.I. started demanding more capacity, are already saturated. Now there are four.
Industrial-grade electricity is hard to come by in most of India. But Hyderabad’s data parks are connected to multiple energy sources and flooded with abundant power at wholesale prices. India’s electricity grid is balky, but in the aggregate it now generates more power than it needs and most of it is renewable. American electricity costs an average of 18 cents a kilowatt-hour, but Hyderabad’s data centers pay only 7 cents.
Mr. Ranjan said the country’s first data center to run on a gigawatt’s worth of power would be in Hyderabad. TPG, an American asset manager, is working with India’s Tata Group to build it and other A.I.-focused facilities around the country.
Another challenge for building data centers in India is access to water. In 2019, water from two rivers was redirected by a gigantic dam to irrigate most of the state around Hyderabad. And there is still plenty left for the thirsty new data centers, which consume tons of water to cool their servers.
Alex Travelli is a correspondent based in New Delhi, writing about business and economic developments in India and the rest of South Asia.
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