With a final climate accord already more than a day overdue, representatives of nearly 200 nations were anxious for an agreement they could bill as a step forward in the fight against climate change.
“We have to be fast here now, but not fast towards a bad result. Not fast in terms of accepting something that we then spend years regretting,” said Eamon Ryan, Ireland’s environment minister.
Frans Timmermans, the European Union‘s climate policy chief, said ministers from the regional bloc were prepared to “walk away” if the accord is not ambitious enough. “We’d rather have no decision than a bad decision.”
The outcome of the two-week summit in the resort town of Sharm el-Sheikh is a test of worldwide resolve to fight global warming, even as a war in Europe and rampant consumer inflation distract international attention.
A COP27 draft agreement released on Saturday reaffirmed past commitments to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius to prevent the worst of climate change, but offered little evidence of increased ambition to make the emissions cuts needed to reach that goal.
‘Small victory’
Days of tense bargaining between wealthy and developing nations at the summit yielded a proposal on Saturday to set up a fund to benefit countries coping with irreparable damage from severe storms, floods, droughts and wildfires.
Rich countries, including the United States and those in Europe, have for decades resisted the idea of a so-called loss and damage fund for fear it would open them up to legal liability for their historic greenhouse gas emissions.
“We are satisfied that at least there is something on the plate now,” Pakistan’s Nabeel Munir, lead negotiator for the G77 group of developing countries, said about the proposal.
Barbados negotiator Avinash Persaud called the proposal a “small victory for humankind” that had resulted from leadership by small island nations and solidarity from the rest of the world recognizing the increasing impacts of warming.
“Now we need to redouble efforts behind an energy, transport and agriculture transition that will limit these climate losses and damages in the future,” said Persaud, referring to a shift to cleaner forms of energy and sustainable farming.
Negotiators said the idea had won broad support, but would need to be coupled with increased ambition to cut the emissions that are driving global warming.
“It is not acceptable that we will fund the consequences of climate change while not also committing to working on the actual consequences of the emissions,” said Romina Pourmokhtari, Sweden’s climate minister.
China and the United States, the two biggest greenhouse gas emitters, have so far been mum on the proposal.
Fossil fuels
The EU had boosted the discussions earlier in the week by offering to support the loss and damage fund, provided large polluters including China pay into it and that countries also ramp up efforts to cut emissions. It was not yet clear if the EU’s conditions would be met.
The COP27 draft agreement released by the U.N.’s climate office on Saturday, for example, did not contain a reference requested by India and the EU to phase down use of “all fossil fuels.” It instead asked countries to phase down only coal, the most polluting fossil fuel, as agreed under last year’s Glasgow Climate Pact.
“That is certainly a disappointment, given the importance of doing so with all fossil fuels to stay below 1.5C,” said David Waskow, international climate director for the World Resources Institute.
During eleventh hour negotiations Saturday night, the United States went further to propose a “phase out” of fossil fuels, according to three sources familiar with the matter.
Oil and gas rich African and Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia, have opposed language targeting fossil fuels and were against the U.S. proposal. In an attempt to close the yawning gap between current climate pledges and the far deeper cuts needed to avert disastrous climate change, the draft also requested that countries which have not yet done so upgrade their 2030 emissions-cutting targets by the end of 2023.
But some negotiators are keen to see the draft require upgrades not just next year, but every year for the rest of the decade to ensure emissions drop as quickly as scientists say is needed to avert the worst impacts of climate change.
Some campaigners said the draft offered some positive elements, but was still wanting in ambition. Complicating matters, U.S. Special Climate Envoy John Kerry, a powerful force in climate diplomacy, tested positive for COVID-19 on Friday after days of bilateral in-person meetings with counterparts from China, the EU and others.
Kerry could not attend in-person negotiations on Saturday, but was participating in bilaterals by video phone, the U.S. State Department said. For daily comprehensive coverage on COP27 in your inbox, sign up for the Reuters Sustainable Switch newsletter here.
(Reuters)
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