Faiqa Naqvi, a 15-year-old freshman at a New Jersey public high school, logs in to her all-remote classes each night from Pakistan in a time zone nine hours ahead.
Max Rodriquez, who also attends school in New Jersey, joined his Advanced Placement history class for about two months from Guayaquil, Ecuador, a port city on the coast of South America.
Max’s schoolmate, Naobe Maradiaga, 16, participated in classes from northern Honduras.
In the midst of the pandemic, in a year when almost nothing about school has been normal, administrators and teachers are grappling with a fresh layer of complexity: students accessing virtual classes from outside the United States.
Faced with pandemic-related financial strain at home or the health needs of relatives abroad, some students in immigrant communities are logging in to school from thousands of miles away.
It is unclear how widespread the practice is. But out-of-country logins have become increasingly common since late fall, as comfort levels with air travel grew and holidays popular for overseas visits, particularly in immigrant communities, approached, according to educators in New York and New Jersey and as far away as Florida and California.
Some families said they took advantage of the newfound mobility afforded by remote instruction to plan extended visits with relatives they had not seen in years.
Others have temporarily left the country to care for sick relatives, and some have told principals and teachers that they sent their children abroad because they needed help with child care to continue working at jobs that cannot be done from home.
“The brand-new immigrants — they have it hardest,” said Aixa Rodriguez, who teaches English as a new language at a middle school in Manhattan. “They have no one here to help.”
At least one of her students logged in from outside the United States over the last several months.
Nate Floro, a high school teacher in Brooklyn, said that three of his students had been logging in to class from Yemen, Egypt and the Dominican Republic.
The practice, Ms. Rodriguez said, is an open secret among teachers as parents struggle to navigate the limited number of days and hours that students attend in-person instruction and the constant threat of Covid-19-related school closures.
“The reality is the parents can’t handle this inconsistency,” said Ms. Rodriguez, who lives in the Bronx and is a leader of a social justice advocacy group within the teachers union, MORE, or Movement of Rank and File Educators. “These parents have to work and do not have an option.”
The willingness to place a child in the care of a relative in another country in the middle of a pandemic, she said, “tells you about unmet need and desperation.”
By adding a level of complication to remote learning, the pattern has the potential to compound learning loss, experts say, particularly in poor and minority communities already plagued by achievement gaps.
“It’s one thing to say kids can log in anytime, anywhere,” said Mike Magee, chief executive of Chiefs for Change, a nonprofit national network of education leaders. “But if they’ve gone someplace where they need to log in at 2 a.m., that doesn’t seem ideal.”
Danielle Filson, a spokeswoman for New York City’s public schools, the country’s largest district where classrooms are now open to all ages of students, said she could not provide data on students who might be logging in from outside the country.
In New Jersey, officials with two of the state’s largest districts, Paterson and Elizabeth, were able to provide a snapshot of students who were logging in from IP addresses outside the United States. Schools in both cities have been closed for more than a year and all instruction has been offered remotely; Elizabeth expects to reopen to some students next week, but Paterson reversed a plan to restart face-to-face instruction May 3, and has not set a return date.
In Paterson, a recent one-day sampling of 5,400 students showed that 306 children were logged in from outside the country, the deputy superintendent, Susana Peron, said. The district educates nearly 25,000 kindergarten to 12th-grade students, and the actual number of students learning from outside the United States could be far higher.
“We of course don’t encourage it,” Ms. Peron said. “But families here have just faced so many challenges during the pandemic.”
“I’d rather have them learning from wherever they are,” she added, “than not.”
Elizabeth, a city of 129,000 residents about 20 miles southwest of Midtown Manhattan, is one of the most immigrant-rich communities in the state. More than 75 percent of families speak languages other than English at home, and nearly one in five residents reports income below the poverty level, census data show.
On a day in early March, 679 of the district’s nearly 28,000 public school students were logged in from outside the United States, a spokesman, Pat Politano, said. Several weeks later, days before the start of a weeklong spring break, 767 students — about 2.7 percent of students — were attending class from one of 24 countries, records show.
Most were tuned in from Caribbean countries; the Dominican Republic was the most common location. But there was one child each in Kenya, Moldova and Bangladesh. Five students — including Faiqa — were in Pakistan.
“I had some home issues,” Faiqa said in one of a series of emails, “so I had to come to Pakistan for some time.”
She and her sister and parents left New Jersey at the beginning of March and plan to return April 20. Because of the time difference in a country 7,000 miles away, Faiqa finishes her virtual school sessions around 9:30 p.m. each day.
“That’s hard for me,” she said. Still, a teacher said that Faiqa, who hopes to become a doctor, was often among the first to answer questions.
States have residency rules that require students to live in the district where they attend school.
But offering flexibility related to a child’s physical location during virtual instruction is appropriate and legal, so long as the child has a residence in the district and plans to return, said Bruce D. Baker, a national expert in education funding who teaches at the Rutgers University Graduate School of Education.
Taendra Peralta said she decided to take her 4-year-old and 14-year-old to the Dominican Republic for a month to give them a break from the monotony of doing online school from an apartment in Elizabeth — and to get child care help from relatives there. “There’s more for the kids, more space,” she said.
In Elizabeth, families must show that they rent or own property to be granted international login access, Mr. Politano said, and they must offer proof of a return date.
“It takes a thirst for education on the part of the student to log in to school from Egypt or Kenya,” he said. “It takes dedication from the teachers, staff, school board and administration to make that happen.”
Several teachers said erratic Wi-Fi was the most common problem facing children abroad.
But Mr. Floro said students frequently contact him once their internet access returns, seeking guidance or instructions about homework; two of the three students who are logging in from outside the United States are doing as well or better than their classmates in Brooklyn, he said.
“A lot of them, if they hadn’t told me, I wouldn’t even notice,” said Mr. Floro, who teaches English as a new language and Arabic for native speakers at a high school in Bensonhurst.
In New York City, officials said it was possible for students to log in from anywhere in the world without special clearance.
“We recognize that the challenges of the pandemic may have temporarily changed circumstances for our families, and New York City schools are delivering strong virtual instruction to those who have chosen to learn remotely,” Ms. Filson, the district’s spokeswoman, said in a statement.
In Carteret, N.J., a diverse 4,000-student district in central New Jersey, about 20 to 30 students were regularly logging in over the last several months from outside the country, the superintendent, Rosa Diaz, said.
But after a series of “Zoom bombs” — interruptions by strangers who hacked into several online classes — the district began blocking access from IP addresses outside the United States in mid-March, she said. In addition to securing the network, there was also a desire to encourage students to return to in-person instruction.
“We want people to know: We are open for business and we expect that these students should return, or at least be here locally,” she said.
Max Rodriguez, 16, a sophomore at Frank J. Cicarell Academy in Elizabeth, traveled with his mother and sister to Ecuador just before Christmas to visit his grandfather, who had a heart attack. He met cousins for the first time and practiced his Spanish.
“One cousin, she would sit down with me,” he said. “We gave each other lessons almost. I would teach her English. And she was teaching me Spanish.”
He said he was grateful that he was still able to log in to class until he returned home in late February.
“Missing two months of school is really crucial,” he said. “Two months could have been really bad.”
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